Going home Essay Example for Free

Going home base EssayThis is a first person archives of a soldier in Iraq who had been victim to an evening ambush by offensive troops. The narration begins with the soldier already in the infirmary, months after the ambush incident, nursing a fractured right foot. At almost this time, word also came out that President Bush was going to withdraw five thousand plus work force from Iraq so that they could be home for the holi mean solar days. The soldier hopes that he is part of the identify of men who would be rec exclusivelyed. In the meantime, the soldier recounts the events that led to his current situation.The soldier reveals that many had died in the ambush and he was merely whiz of those who survived. The ambush took place composition they were on their way to the North US Detachment. While recounting the story of how he had become a wounded US soldier, the narrator also offers insights into how war deal be patriotic and how it can change the course of events for th e world at large. The soldier also mentions in his reminiscing that they were not the true heroes of war, rather the true heroes were the families they left back home.The narrator dwells on this topic and comprehensively explains how the families back home should be the real heroes in a war and not the soldiers who are actually in the war. The soldier also offers insights into how gruesome a war can be and how wasteful it is when it comes to lives wasted but despite his views on the war, the soldier remains steadfast in his beliefs and holds on to the thought of his family waiting back home. The narration ends with the soldier being called to the mess hall along with many others for the announcement of the list of recalled soldiers.Find out if he is one of those who will return home. (YOUR blanket(a) NAME) (PROFESSORS NAME) (COURSE AND SUBJECT) (DATE OF SUBMISSION) GOING HOME A SOLDIERS STORY Christmas is fast approaching and I am hoping to consider an early Christmas gift as Pre sident Bust announced last September that about 5,000 plus of us would be home for the Christmas holidays. This was part of the limited troop reduction that was to be implemented on US troops before the military surge in March next year.We are still waiting for the final list of soldiers who would be sent home and I am hoping that I would be in the list. I am useless present in the field anyway. I have been in the infirmary tent for the past three months because my right foot suffered segmented fractures after an ambush attack on our team while we were driving to the North detachment. We were fifteen in the truck. I was one of the lucky seven who came out of the attack alive.I was in the back of the truck and as usual, I felt like I had to watch my own back as well as I was watching the backs of the other soldiers who were with me in the truck. It was about eleven in the evening. We all had to travel in the cover of darkness to avoid being detected by hostile troops. From a distanc e, the sound of mortar seemed as natural as the crack of thunder on a balmy evening. A false, red sunrise could be seen from the horizon as flames from explosives perpetually lighted up the horizon.It was cold in the desert, the temperatures are extreme. Daytime is extremely overheated and the evening can be as cold as it is hot during the day. We were all in our camouflage renders, but these were only flimsy fabric weak protection from possible bullets coming our way or even upchuck shrapnel from distant explosions. I feared for my life but also thought of the unsophisticated, and the world, and what it would be like if the US did not launch an offensive against hostile troops here in Iraq.In my heart I could not understand why I had to go through such horror and put my life on the line for such a cause but when I think of my young wife waiting for me back home, and my three month old daughter, I understand why I have to be here. The weapons of mass expiry that Iraq may be hiding from the world may be cause for the destruction not only of the US but also of the world as we know it and this alone told me that my being here was worth allthing I had but whence again, I can never deny the incident that there could have been better days.About an hour into the trip, the truck grinded to a halt a co-soldier who was sit down beside the driver saw something through his night vision binoculars. A group of armed men were stationed about half a mile away and it seemed that they did not notice our approach because they were huddled together in a close circle seemingly having a drink. We did not find this cause for alarm because sporadically, throughout the road, were friendly troops from the other side who were securing travel routes for civilians.However, since we could not identify them from a distance, there was no choice but to be on safe-conduct and move forward until we were close enough to identify them. The driver had moody off the headlights and slo wed down to a crawl to prepare for our approach. When we were just a a few(prenominal) meters away, I heard one of the men stationed at the road cry out a piercing yell that to me sounded like a death sentence. At that very moment a volley of gunfire punctuated the distant explosions and we all lay flat on the floor of the truck.In what seemed like forever, the truck move around and sped towards the other direction back to the camp. The gunfire continued and it was at this moment that I felt warm liquid seeping into the fabric of my uniform from the back. I turned around to see one of my co-soldiers slumped on my back with blood streaming from his neck. I quickly stood to check on the other men with me in the back of the truck. Four of them had been badly hit, two were unharmed, and seven of us suffered minor injuries.Mine was a gunshot wound that pierced my right ankle. Later, it turned out that the driver had been badly hit as well, so it was the other army officer with him in t he front seat who was already driving the truck. We make camp about three hours after the incident. We had already been halfway through the six hour trip that was supposed to take us to the North detachment. We were all brought to the infirmary and the dead immediately interred into shiny black body bags that reflected the red glare that rose up from the distant horizon.The camp chaplain said a prayer over the dead and another officer bend down to take out their dog tags, they name patches, and some of their personal effects. I imagined how rocky this was for the officer. I imagined how it would have been had I been one of them. The following day two or three officers from the US Military back home would be at the porch of our house delivering the sad news to my wife and my daughter. I imagined how they would feel, and how much they would hate the state for sending me to war but I was lucky to be alive, or not.Now, I had to deal with the gruesome images that I had witnessed. I had to spend my life thinking of what is and what could have been. I would probably be found gazing into the blackness for many solitary hours trying to find a decent and even logical reason for this manslaughter but I was determined to go home in one piece, if not for my wife and daughter, at least for a res publica and a world that was waiting for a glimmer of hope that could come out of this panel. Logically, bloodshed is bloodshed and nothing good could come out of war.It was always like choosing between two evils the lives of hundreds of men and women in exchange for the peaceful future of my country and the world. The choice was always easy and I found it an honor to be fighting for this cause, albeit momentary periods of questioning and reasoning and questioning again. I felt that I was not a hero here the real heroes are the families we have left behind mothers, fathers, wives, husbands, daughters, and sons. They are the real heroes for having to deal with our absence and ha ving to live their lives every day with the knowledge that we may not even return alive.They are the real heroes for having to lie to the innocent ones about fathers and mothers who were out there fighting for the country because this was the only way to ensure the future of course, there are other ways, but when some other ways seem bleak and unfeasible, war is much the method of choice. These people are the real heroes not because they sacrificed anything but because they refuse to just fade into the sunset and let go of the prospects of peace and unity for the whole world. They are there back home not for any reason, but for a reason that all of us in this world would one day recall and be grateful about.We, in the field, we are here because of them and their unfailing belief and hope in our cause we are here because of their love and the fact that before we sleep at night our minds swim in oceans of faces the faces of our real heroes. The bugle had been sounded. Our superior had called us all to the mess hall to announce who would be going home for Christmas and who wouldnt. With my crutch in tow and a foot heavy with plaster dragging behind, I go to the mess hall. The superior went through the list. The lights have been turned out after the list was read. I was walking back to the infirmary. I was going home.

Existentialism and Humanistic Psychology Essay Example for Free

Existentialism and Humanistic Psychology EssayAngst, in the precise nature of its use in Existentialism, is a state of being that is not completely negative in itself as common people might think. In a more irresponsible sense, I intend angst is the full recognition of ones trimdom. Angst is the result of ones realization that he is free and that nothing will eer hold him back. It becomes negative because once a person gets a deeper understanding of how free he is, he tends to fear that he might not be able to do things right and since nothing is holding him back, thither is nothing to blame in case he fails. In short, angst is fear of the nothing (Park, 1999). It is different from normal fear which comes from the environment and has an object and a possible solution. For example, I fear spiders so I stay away(predicate) from dusty and old places. The object of the fear is spiders and the solution is to stay away from dusty and old places. In angst, the fear comes from with in and there is basically neither object nor solution. There is only angst.And that is what makes angst a terrible state. I think it is very difficult to feel this way because it is like asking questions with no answers. And if ever I get into this terrible state, I think will do one thing convince myself to believe that there is nothing to fear and that I have my family who will accept me no matter what. Meanwhile, the whole concept of Humanistic Psychology (the American version of Existentialism, Ive read) interests me in a picky way.The different theories of Rogers, Maslow, Csikszentmihalyi, among others that I learned from Chapter 13 gave me a step by step understanding into the inquiry of my existence. I cant conclude though that they all are right but certainly, they provide interesting thoughts worth pondering (especially Rogers 19 Propositions). The humanistic theories they present are different from the ones we learned in previous chapters because they focus on the experie nces of the human person rather than on things that are inherent or already existing such as biology, genes, or hidden motives.This means that since the theories of Humanists such as Rogers and Maslow focus on continuing experience of the person, they give a more verificatory approach knowing that these experiences that make up ones mind a person can vary depending on how he reacts to events. In a simpler way, while Bems theories seem to say Your mother has cancer so you will have cancer, too. Its in the blood humanists say Your mother has cancer. With the right attitude and lifestyle, you can prevent having cancer yourself. Humanists are a mess hall friendlier.I agree with these humanists, for the most part at least. I agree with the general thought of a persons experience shaping his personality. However, there is one thing I personally disagree based on experience. Rogers said that this outcome fully functioning person could only occur for individuals who had received uncond itional positive regard from the important people in their lives (Funder, 2007). I disagree with this because I know some people who, despite suffering from neglect from the people they love, ease feel good about themselves and have great personalities.On the other hand, I give my nod to Maslow when he said higher needs such as self-actualization could come to the fore only after more basic needs related to survival and security became satisfied (Funder, 2007). I personally believe self-fulfillment is a hierarchy and a continuing process. Thoughts on Punishment and Efficacy Theory Punishment is a useful technique of operant condition if it is applied correctly, which it almost never is (Funder, 2007). I am especially caught by the last phrase of the quote it almost never is. I think penalization is something that is very tricky.It is difficult to use in the appropriate way but if you get it right, bingo It is very effective. Whats wrong with punishment is when one uses it in the w rong way. Self-Efficacy has always been my thing from the start, but I never realized it until I learned about it from our discussion. I have always been a positive thinker even amidst hard times. My working in Intel gives me new challenges every day and because of my belief that I can do all the demands of work, I chance upon them well. I live by the adage Believe in yourself because if you dont, nobody else will. With this, I get more confidence to push on higher.

The way weaponry has been portrayed. Essay Example for Free

The way weaponry has been portrayed. EssayTheme The way weaponry has been portrayed. end-to-end literature poets have officed various literary devices in order to convey their message to the audience. Wilfred Owen has cleverly personified weaponry in the context of contend and has twist it in his poetrys. This in turn accentuates the message he is trying to convey the paradox of War. The use of this tool is most prominent in three of his poems, The culture Laugh, Arms and The Boy and Anthem for Doomed Youth. In these poems he deposts weapons as sinister, flesh-hungry savages whose only purpose is to kill. In Anthem for Doomed Youth Wilfred Owen writes and elegiac praise moaning the loss of innocent life. Like his other poems to one too is steeped in irony. War he wants to point out is not fanfargon and glory. It is dirt and flub and pain and struggle which ultimately end in goal. His view of war is greatly influenced by his own experiences. Disenchanted, brutalised and l ied to by his own nation he c atomic number 18 so many others felt betrayed.They were taught that war was glorious and soldiers were proud and valiant, the truth of it was that war was none of these and soldiers were being herded like cattle to tthose finishs. He goes on to personify weapons in the Last Laugh as mocking the soldiers that they ruthlessly killed victimisation words such(prenominal) as guffawed and chirped In the poem Arms and the Boy, Owen changes the portrait of the weapon and showcases it as a toy that is being handed out to a child Let the son try a grand this bayonet-blade. Along with the description of the weapon Owen also juxtaposes the loss of innocence that prevailed during the time of war. In the poem sonnet On Seeing a Piece of Our Heavy Artillery brought into consummation Owen portrays weapons as an object that has to be paid respect to, this is shown by the words thou, thee.He kick upstairsmore goes on to personify the guns by saying that he slowly lifted thou long black arm and also describes the destruction that they eventually cause. The four poems have a lot of literary devices packed into them such as well-grounded imagery, metaphors and embodiment which compliment his description of the weapons. World War 1 was the war that changed history. The use of mechanised weapons on an unsuspecting enemy proven to be the biggest challenge. Earlier war was seen as something glorious and evenchivalrous. World War 1 overturned that view, the senseless bloodshed, the ruthless use of weapons made this war anything but glorious. Owen was one such soldier who first hand experienced the horrors of war and unlike poets before him conveyed the reality of war. He and a few others were submissive in ripping the faade of the honour and glory that war claims to be. His poems are raw, undisguised versions of the harsh reality of what was occurring in the trenches of the Western Front. Wilfred Owen uses a significant standard of literary dev ices to convey how weapons play a large role in warfare.His poem the Last Laugh begins with an expletive, Oh Jesus Christ Im complete the title itself is rich in irony as the poem goes on to depict how the weapons that are personified chuckle and guffaw at the soldiers death. Lines like the bullets chirped, machine guns chuckledand the Big Gun guffawed reveal the dark humour that underlies the poem. The use of onomatopoeia adds to the chilling darkness of the imagery, tut tut and the way the splinter spat and tittered are evidence of this. His use of alliteration enhances the poetic tempo. The lofty Shrapnel is personified as it gestures leisurely at the dying man calling him fool. Weapons are further personified as grim, hostile entities. The Bayonets have long teeth and grinned as ravels of shells hoot and groan and gas hisses. The use of capital letters to classify the weapons further draws attention to their significance, in this case as purveyors of destruction. In Arms and th e Boy, Owen depicts how innocence is destroyed by war. The title itself seems like an oxymoron because children are usually not associated with weapons.The poem begins with a calm suggestion of letting the boy try the bayonet blade and see how cold the steel is The bayonet itself is personified as a creature with a predatory nature, its keen with starve of blood its appetite is further described as famishing for flesh this use of alliteration of fricative sounds embellishes the rapacious nature of the weapon, it is described as being deplorable with all malice, like a madmans flash this simile conveys the cruelty and evil that is associated with this weapon. By using explosive sounds and the use of adjectives such as cold increase the sinister effect of the weapon. The second stanza similarly begins with a tender gesture asking the young boy to stroke these blind abrupt bullet leads the use of consonanceadds to making the bullets seem less deadly than they are words such as long to nuzzle portray devotion but ironically the euphuism, in the hearts of lads stands for the death of young children.Cartridges are described as having fine zinc teeth, their sharpness is compared to the sharpness of grief and death in saying give him these weapons of destruction the poet is juxtaposing innocence with experience and death. Owen does so in a manner that seems innocuous asking the boy to play with these objects of death and destruction. The third stanza his teeth seemed for laughing round an apple conveys the idea of childish innocence. The young boy does not have fangs nor claws behind his fingers supple. Furthermore Owen writes beau ideal will grow no talons at his heels or antlers finished the thickness of his curls. This conveys that God had not meant for man to be like a beast. Man unavoidably to arm himself with weapons to don the mantle of a predator. In showing the young boy through the thickness of his curls further implies how angelic and innocent he is . Owen is bereaved person that he will one day pick up the weapons of destruction and will thus be robbed of his innocence. Owen uses many literary devices such as personification to depict the weapons he says the cartridges have fine zinc teeth and the bayonet is described as being keen with hunger of blood. The poet alludes to Virgils epic the Aeneid of arms and the man I sing.The poem itself uses half rhyme and alliteration famishing for flesh, blind blunt bullet leads to convey the bank bill of the poem which is largely sinister. In his poem Anthem for doomed youth Owen takes the theme of how weapons destroy one step further. Here to the imagery is stark and the poem begins with sound imagery, what passing bells for these who die as cattle? The reference to cattle further shows the diminished emotion that war instils in humans. Soldiers are equated to cattle and the death knells are merely in passing. Written as a Petrarchan sonnet with a ABA rhyme scheme Anthem for doomed you th vividly demolishes the myth of soldiers being valiant of glorious in battle. Here too weapons are personified guns are shown as having monstrous anger and the stuttering ripples rapid rattle The use of alliteration further enhances the sound imagery as the reader is transported back in time. Words such as stuttering and patter convey a sense of grief and hesitation. in that respect is no one to grieve for those who havedied, no mockeries now for themnor any voice of morning save the choirs and these choirs are that of the shrill demented, wailing shells by using words such as wailing and mourning Owen is trying to depict the harsh reality that the soldiers had to face. There is neither fanfare nor celebration and bugles call for them from lamentable shires the soldiers are portrayed as the forgotten, remembered only in the pallor of girls brows And in the tenderness of patient minds. Owen juxtaposes very interestingly the two themes of trust with war. The imagery of candles and flowers are harshly juxtaposed against that of death and pain. His use of mild innocuous language contrasts sharply with the violence of the action depicted. The two stanzas are starkly different as the first vividly describes the horror of war and the second the hope of the families left behind waiting for fathers, brothers, sons to return.The disillusionment and bitterness is illumined in this poem. The tone is contrite and bitter and a sense of irony pervades the poem. Written as a eulogy the heading conveys the theme perfectly, it is truly an Anthem for the youth who are doomed to die in a war that made no sense. In the Sonnet that Owen wrote he describes the weapons initially as an object those posses majestic qualities. He praises the gun by calling it Great which shows his respect for this artillery. He furthermore shows the Gun towering towards heaven which shows that the gun is about to attack God himself, enactment the amount of power that it posses. He personifies the g un and lifted its long black arm. He also describes the canon as a weapon that protects its soldiers as well as kills. Throughout this poem he admires the weapons but the last two lines reveal his true perception of artillery.Harsh words such as cut thee from our soul shows the level of resentment that he has against weapons as he also asks God to curse thee. The title itself is absurd as a Sonnet is a poem that is addressed to a lover however he uses it differently and uses it to both praise the weapons as well as criticise them. exclusively of Wilfred Owens poems are bound by the sense of irony. His poems resound with pathos. He truly conveys the pity of war and doesnt seek to elevate it as poets in the foregone did. His poems are stark snippets of reality as were experienced by young soldiers in trenches. The horror, the infestation the overpowering stench of war is all beautifully conveyed through his poetry. His poetry does not want to glossover reality it is reality.

IMC Plan for JK Tyre Industry

IMC Plan for JK tyre Industrytire Industry in IndiaIntroductionTyre (or tyre in British English) is a circinate covering that fits most a wheel to protect it and enable better vehicle performance by providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock magical spell keeping the wheel in close contact with the ground. The word itself is derived from the word attire, referring to the dressing of the wheel.The fundamental materials of modern tires argon rubber and fabric along with opposite compound chemicals. Their constructive attain-up consists of the tread and the body. The tread provides traction while the body ensures support. Before rubber was invented, the freshman versions of tires were simply bands of metal that fit around wooden wheels in order to prevent wear and tear. The most recent and popular type of tire is pneumatic, pertaining to a fitted rubber found ring that is apply as an inflatable cushion and gener alone(prenominal)y filled with compressed air. Pneumatic ti res are used on many types of vehicles, such as bicycles, motorcycles, cars, trucks, earthmovers, and aircraft. technology times in the Indian tyre industry has witnessed a fair amount of expertise and versatility to absorb, adapt and modify international engine room to suit Indian conditions. This is reflected in the swift technology progression from cotton (reinforcement) carcass to gamey-performance radial tyres in a span of four decades. Globalization has led to the linking of the economies of all the nations and on that pointfore major(ip) Indian players in the tyre industry are pursuing global strategies to enhance their competitiveness in world commercializes. The present section much often than not undertakes an overview of the Indian tyre industry through an examination of its suppuration trends with respect to drudgery, exports and acquisition of technological capabilities.TYRE INDUSTRY SCENARIOIndian Tyre Industry flock be globally competitive on a level p laying field Robust growth in the economic activity in versatile sectors of the economy as well as in the Surface Trans- port sector and re risinged coerce in the infrastructural spends continued to be growth drivers for the Tyre Industry. The reduction in excise duty from 24% to 16% was a welcome move, The completion of Golden Quadri- lateral and North- South and East-West corridor projects will further elevate the Automobile sector. This augurs well for the Indian tyre industry. mend the demand continues to be buoyant, rising input cost in general and petro-based raw materials in fussy is a matter of concern. During the year, the Tyre Industry faced pressure on margins on account of imbalances in the cost emergences and tyre prices.There are epoch-making deficiencies in the infrastructure and its cost thereof vis-a-vis the global unrivalled thus putting the Indian Industry in a disadvantageous jell. While the reduction in the import tariffs is a step in right direction, it needs to be calibrated with the development of infrastructure in the country.Key Featuresthere are 40 listed companies in the tyre sector in India.Major players are MRF, JK Tyres, and Apollo Tyres CEAT, which account for 63 per cent of the organized tyre market. The other primaeval players include Modi Rubber, Kesoram Industries and Goodyear India, with 11 per cent, 7 per cent and 6 per cent allocate respectively. Dunlop, Falcon, Tyre Corporation of India Limited (TCIL), TVS-Srichakra, Metro Tyres and Balkrishna Tyres are whatever of the other operative players in the industry.While the tyre industry is largely dominated by the organized sector, the unorganized sector is pre plethoric with respect to bicycle tyres.The industry is a major consumer of the house servant rubber market. Natural rubber constitutes 80% while synthetic rubber constitutes only 20% of the material content in Indian tyres. Interestingly, world-wide, the proportion of natural to synthetic rubber in tyres is 3070The sector is raw-material intensive, with raw material accounting for 70% of the gibe costs of reapingionTotal production s in tonnage 11.35 lakh MT total production of tyres in all categories 811 lakh (2007-08)Current level of radialization includes 95% for all passenger car tyres, 12% for light commercial vehicles and 3% for heavy vehicles (truck and bus)Restrictions were placed on import of used /retreaded tyres since April 2006Import of mod tyres tubes is freely allowed, except for radial tyres in the truck/bus segment which has been placed in the restricted list since November 2008Total value of tyre exports form India is well-nigh Rs 3000 crore (2007-08)The major factors affecting the demand for tyres include the level of industrial activity, availability and cost of credit, transportation volumes and network of roads, execution of vehicle loading rules, radialization, retreading and exports.The tyre technology upgradation is an extremely difficult process, brea k a elementicularly in the Indian scenario, repayable to several factors. First, since tyre technology encompasses various disciplines such as polymer, chemical, steel etc. compromises ferment to be made in the upgradation of technology because of a) the conflict and complimentarity inherent in these disciplines, b) the usage pattern of the tyres and c) the cost factor. Further, a tyres performance could be affected due to factors such as the weather, loading pattern etc. Despite these bottlenecks technology upgradation in Indian tyre industry during the last few decades has been significant. This has been possible to some extent due to government approvals of collaborations with MNCs in this sector. The emphasis given by Indian tyre companies to applied research, the setting up of well-equipped in house RD centres by large tyre companies, manned by experts and experienced professionals have also helped in technology upgradation. Indian tyre technology has exhibited versatility i n maintaining inflow of technology through foreign collaborations and tailoring the same to Indian needs.AutomationThe production system in the Indian tyre industry has been tralatitiously very dig intensive. The automation of manufacturing processes has increased gradually, which has slashed the size of the workforce to a considerable degree and has effected a alternate in its composition. The degree of automation has been great in the area of radial technology, while cross ply technology is still labour intensive. The firms have been resorting to automation in order to tackle problems colligate to labour unionization and indiscipline in the sector. The rationale provided by the firms for the increasing drive towards automation of the manufacturing facilities has been that high type and uniformity of the final product commonly cannot be guaranteed with a labour intensive process. (Iyer Upadhyay 2008).New Policy InitiativesThe tyre industry in India has had to grapple with r aw material price volatility, rupee cargo deck and cheap Chinese imports. In this connection, some of the recent inaugurals by the government to facilitate the growth of the sector includeNo WTO bound rates for Tyres and Tubes No restrictions on the import of all raw materials required for tyre manufacture except carbon black, which has been placed in the restricted list Increasing thrust on development of road infrastructureThe Marketing Communications MixA companys total merchandise communication theory mix, or onward motion mix, consists of the detail coalesce of advertising, personal selling, sales progression, and public dealing tools that the company uses to pursue its advertising and marketing objectives. The five major types of promotion areAdvertising Any compensable form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor.Personal selling Personal presentation by the firms sales force to make sales and build node rela tionships.Sales promotion Short-term incentives to encourage the purchase or sale of a product or service.Public relations Building good relations with the companys publics by obtain- ing favourable publicity, building up a good corporate image, and handling or heading off reproachful rumours, stories, and events.Direct marketing Direct communications with carefully targeted individualconsumers to obtain an immediate responsethe use of mail, telephone, fax, e-mail, and other non-personal tools to communicate directly with specific consumers or to quest a direct response.Each type of promotion has its own tools. Advertising includes print, broadcast, outdoor, and other forms. Personal selling includes sales presentations, tradeshows, and incentive programs. Sales promotion includes point-of-purchase displays, premiums, discounts, coupons, curio advertising, and demonstrations.Direct marketing includes catalogues, telemarketing, fax transmissions, and the Internet. Thanks to techno logical breakthroughs, marketers can now communicate through traditional media (newspapers, radio, telephone, and television), as well as its newer forms (fax machines, cellular phones, pagers, and computers). These new technologies have encouraged more(prenominal) companies to move from mass communication to more targeted communication and one-on-one dialogue. At the same time, communication goes beyond these specific promotion tools. The products design, its price, the shape and colour of its package, and the stores that sell itall communicate something to buyers. Thus, although the promotion mix is the companys primary communication activity, the entire marketing mix promotion and product, price, and place essential be coordinated for greatest.Over the past years, tyre companies around the world perfected the art of mass marketing selling highly standardized products to deal of guests. In the process, they developed effective mass-media advertising techniques to support their mass-marketing strategies. These companies routinely invested millions of dollars in the mass media, scope tens of millions of customers with a angiotensin converting enzyme ad. However, as we move into the twenty- starting time hundred, marketing managers face some new marketing communications realities.The ChangingCommunications EnvironmentThere are two major factors are changing the face of todays marketing communications.1. As mass markets have fragmented, marketers are good lucking away from mass marketing and developing focused marketing programs, designed to build closer relationships with customers in more narrowly defined micromarkets.2. Astimprovements in information technology are speed- ing the social movement toward segmented marketing marketing. Todays information technology helps marketers to keep closer track of customer needsmore information about consumers at the individual and household levels is available than ever before. New technologies also provide new c ommunications avenues for reaching smaller customer segments with more tailored messages.The shift from mass marketing to segmented marketing has had a dramatic impact on marketing communications. meet as mass marketing gave rise to a new generation of mass-media communications, the shift toward one-on-one marketing is spawning a new generation of more alter and highly targeted communications efforts.3 Given this new communications environment, marketers must rethink the roles of various media and promotion mix tools. Mass-media advertising has long dominated the promotion mixes of consumer product companies. However, although television, magazines, and other mass media remain very important, their dominance is now declining. Market fragmentation has resulted in media fragmentation into more focused media that better match todays targeting strategies. For example, in 1975, what were the three major US TV networks (ABC, CBS, and NBC) attracted 82 percent of the 24-hour viewing audi ence. By 1995, that number had dropped to only 35 percent, as cable television and beam broad- casting systems offered advertisers dozens or even hundreds of alternative channels, which reachsmaller, specialized audiences. Its expected to dropeven further, down to 25 percent by the year 2005.The few mass magazines of the mid-twentieth century have been replaced by thousands of special-interest magazines. HMF alone publishes these and more than 20 other magazines reaching 17 various markets and more than 47 million readers, not to mention a wide range of online, broadcast, outdoor, and other media. focused audiences. Beyond these channels, advertisers are making increased use of new, highly targeted media, ranging from video screens on supermarket shopping carts to CD-ROM catalogues and weathervane sites on the Internet.4 More generally, advertising appears to be giving way to other elements of the promotion mix. In the glory days of mass marketing, consumer product companies spen t the lions share of their promotion budgets on mass-media advertising.Now a days, media advertising captures only about 26 percent of total promotion spending.5 The rest goes to various sales promotion activities, which can be focused more effectively on individual consumer and trade segments. Marketers are using a richer variety of focused communication tools in an effort to reach their diverse target markets. In all, companies are doing less broadcasting and more narrow casting.The Need for Integrated Marketing CommunicationsThe shift from mass marketing to targeted marketing, with its corresponding use of a richer mixture of communication channels and promotion tools, poses a problem for marketers. Consumers are being exposed to a greater variety of marketing communications from and about the company from an array of sources. However, customers dont distinguish between message sources the way marketers do. In the consumers mind, advertising messages from different mediasuch as t elevision, magazines, or online sourcesblur into one. Messages drop by the waysideed via different promotional approachessuch as advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, pub- lic relations, or direct marketing all become part of a single message about the company. Conflicting messages from these different sources can result in confused company images and sign positions. All too often, companies discontinue to integrate their various communications channels. The result is a hodgepodge of communications to consumers. Mass advertisements say one thing, a price promotion sends a different signal, a product label creates still another message, company sales literature says something altogether different, and the companys Web site seems out of sync with everything else. The problem is that these communications often come from different company sources. The advertising department or advertising agency plans and mechanisms advertising messages. Sales management develops personal selling communications. another(prenominal) functional specialists are responsible for public relations, sales promotion, direct marketing, online sites, and other forms of marketing communications. Such functional separation has recently become a major problem for many companies and their Internet communications activities, which are often split off into sepa- rate organizational units. These new, forward- run intoing, high-tech functional groups, whether they exist as part of an established organization or as a separate new business operation, commonly are located in separate space, apart from the traditional operation, observes one integrated marketing communications expert.They generally are populated by young, enthusiastic, technologically proficient people with a burning desire to change the world, he adds, but the separation and the lack of cooperation and cohesion can be a disintegrating force in marketing communications In the past, no one person was responsible for thinkin g through the communication roles of the various promotion tools and coordinating the promotion mix. Today, however, many companies are adopting the concept of integrated marketing communications (IMC).The company carefully integrates and coordinates its many communications channels to deliver a clear, consistent, and compelling message about the organization and its products.6 As one marketing executive puts it, IMC builds a strong brand identity in the marketplace by tying together and reinforcing all your images and messages. IMC means that all your corporate messages, positioning and images, and identity are coordinated across all marketing communications venues. It means that your PR materials say the same thing as your direct mail campaign, and your advertising has the same look and feel as your Web site.7 The IMC solution calls for recognizing all contactints at which the customer whitethorn encounter the company, its products, and its brands. Each brand contact will deliver a message, whether good, bad, or indifferent. The company must strive to deliver a consistent and positive message at all contact points. To help implement IMC, some companies appoint a marketing communications director, or marcom manager, who has overall responsibility for the companys communications efforts. Compaq Canada, for example, has a vice-president of integrated marketing communications. IMC produces better communications consistence and greater sales impact. It places the responsibility in someones handswhere none existed beforeto unify the companys image as it is shaped by thousands of company activities. It leads to a total marketing communication strategy aimed at showing how the company and its products can help customers solve their problems.J. K. Industries Ltd.J.K. industries achieved soon enough another milestone and the turnover touched an all time high of Rs. 2,400 crores during the year. Operating Profit for the year was Rs. 132 crores and after providing fo r cost of borrowings, depreciation and taxation, Profit After Tax is Rs. 17 crores as against Rs. 12 crores in the previous year. There has been a sharp increase in input costs in view of increase in the prices of petro-based raw materials. Commensurate increase in the selling prices of tyres could not be made thereby affecting margins. It is a matter of concern that this overhang of increase in input costs continued throughout the year. The bon ton has been trying to meet this difficult situation by adopting various measures including aggressive cost cutting, business process improvements, product re-engineering as also enrichment of product and market mix. The social club has also renegotiated the rates of interest on existing term loans. As a result, interest cost in the current year is expected to witness a significant reduction. Completion of expansion resulting in increased capacities coupled with aforesaid steps, is expected to result in improvement in the margins in comin g year.APPROPRIATIONSThe amount available for appropriation, including surplus from previous years and debenture redemption reserve no longer required, is Rs. 57.81 crores. The Directors send off this to be appropriated as underRs. CroresDebenture Redemption Reserve5.99General Reserve1 .75Dividend7.49Corporate Dividend Tax1.05Surplus carried to Balance Sheet41 .53DIVIDENDCompany are pleased to recommend dividend of 20 % (Rs. 2 per Equity Share) on the Equity Share Capital of Rs. 37.46 crores. The dividend outgo will be Rs. 8.54 crores (inclusive of dividend tax of Rs. 1.05 crores) as against Rs. 8.47 crores (inclusive of dividend tax of Rs. 0.98 crores) in the previous year. The dividend in the hands of the shareholders is tax free.SUSTAINED LEADERSHIP AND GROWTHQuality ExcellenceThe Company continues to play a leading role in the Tyre Industry in India. During the year, production increased to 57.74 lac tyres compared to 55.62 lac tyres achieved last year. All the four Tyre Plants of the Company operated at best capacities producing world class quality tyres.CUSTOMER FIRSTIf is a matter of great pride that your Company has been ranked No.1 in the Tire Customer bliss Index Study conducted by J D fountain Asia Pacific 2005 India. Company acknowledge the support of all its valued customers in attaining the lead position in the Tyre Industry in India. JK Tyre continues to be Indias only Tyre Superbrand. It reinforces our belief of putting the customer first in all our endeavours. truck/BUS RADIAL TYRESProduction GraphDuring the year, your Company achieved yet another milestone and rolled out One Millionth All Steel Truck/ tidy sum stellate Tyre. The Company has produced radial truck/bus tyres of the value of more than Rs.1,000 crores so for and has been exporting the same to several global markets. Your Company continues to produce more than 80% of Indias All Steel Truck/Bus Radial Tyres.The expansion of condenser of Truck/Bus Radials by 50% was completed and has now become operative. This would allow the Company to continue its leadership role in this vital growth area and meet Indias growing demand for Radial Truck Tyres. progressive Promotion and Concept Selling marketing strategy helped the Company to accelerate the use of Truck/Bus Radial Tyres in the country. With renewed thrust on the improvement and enlarging road network and highways, the pace of radialization shall pick up in the years ahead. Increasing number of buses are being fitted with radials and with the increased road movement as a result of better road quality and network, radials will find application on larger number of buses. Plans are well under way to further expand the capacities to meet the demand for accelerated radialization.EXPANSIONIn addition to expansion of the truck radial capacity as mentioned above, the passenger radial capacity expansion by 30% has nearly been completed. The benefits of both these enhanced capacities will be available in the comin g year. To meet the puff in demand for the Companys tyres as also maintaining our leadership in the Tyre Industry, further capacity expansion is planned.Exports GraphEXPORTSYour Company continues to be the lead exporter of tyres from India. During the year, exports increased to Rs. 383 crores. The Company has developed an extensive global marketing net- work and its tyres are sold in 60 countries across 6 continents. JK Tyre is a preferred brand in several leading global markets. This is yet another recognition of the Companys world class quality tyres.HUMAN CAPITALThe Company believes that human resources are key to the success of business. It has been taking several steps to enhance employee skills through training development, empowerment and nurturing talent. In recent years, major initiatives on Competency based Leadership Development and Business Process Re-engineering were taken up which have yielded excellent results.JK TYRE -MARKET LEADERProduction during the year touched a high of 57.74 lac tyres against 55.62 lac tyres last year. All the 4 Tyre Plants of the Company worked at the optimum capacities at high operational efficiency levels, producing world- class quality tyres.During the year, the Company achieved yet another land mark of being ranked No.1 in the Tyre Customer Satisfaction Index Study conducted by J D Power Asia Pacific 2005 India -a distinct customer satisfaction endorsement of your Companys products. This has reinforced our market leadership. It is indeed a matter of great pride and satisfaction that JK Tyre has have the most coveted recognition of Superbrand and now No.1 ranking in the Customer Satisfaction. This, more than amply demonstrates the Companys commitment to its customers and its leadership in the Indian Tyre market. mercantile TYRE SEGEMENTThe segment constitutes Bus, Truck and LCV tyres. Their efforts have been to not only meet customer expectations but also to give the very best in quality and performance driven prod ucts.During the year, Company made new offerings and introduced various tyres, the principal ones being Jet Xtra, Jet Rock and Jet Star for segment specific Bias Truck applications. Nine new tyres were introduced for LCVs for different usage and road conditions.The Company continued to establish great focus on customers through customer contact programmes in LCV tyres and also by partnering the fleet program of Indian Oil Corporation. Training camps were organized to create sense amongst tyre fitters by organizing cut through Tyre Fitter Programmes a first in the industry. AIDS awareness programme was launched amongst Truck Drivers to educate them for prevention and care of this deadly disease.TRUCK RADIALSCompanys initiative of introducing all Steel Truck Radial tyres in India have started yielding results and the roll out of the millionth tyre at the most modern pose at Mysore in July 05 is a testimony to the far sighted vision of your company. Company is not only the No.1 tru ck radial manufacturer, but is a dominant leader in the market with more than 80% market share.New products and sizes of tyres were introduced in the market which received excellent consumer acceptance. JK Tyre Truck/Bus Radial Tyres are gaining increased fitment by Original Equipment Manufacturers.Customers education and participative involvement with end users has taken shape under the Unique Fleet Management Programme. Dedicated violence have been attached to the fleets to enable them to fully realize the benefits of usage of radials. The Tyre Care Center Network along prominent highways continues to provide round the clock service to truck/bus operators. Your Company is able to see the rapidly growing pace of radialisation moving from current levels of approximately 2% to 5% in the immediate future to 10% in next 5 years. Expansion of capacity by 50% will help maintain companys leaderships in domestic market as also service its export to sophisticated markets across the globe.C AR TYRESDuring the year under review, your Company continued its thrust on partnering growth with OEM Customers. Various consumer oriented activities such, as Zip and Sip offer, participation in Indian Oil Extra Rewards programme and Monsoon Protection offer were undertaken to strengthen durance with customers. Product aesthetics, introduction of newer range, addressing product requirement across different types of cars continued to be important focus areas for radial car tyre segment. Various new sizes and patterns such as Vectra and Zephyr for car radials were introduced for the new models launched by the auto manufacturers. Through relentless efforts, the Company achieved Unique Distinction of being ranked No.1 in Customer Satisfaction by JD Power Asia Pacific, a world leader in assessing customer satisfaction in the automotive segment. Expansion in capacity by 30% shall enable the company to increase its participation in replacement as well as OE segments.STEEL WHEELSAt the fo refront of all car consumer-reach programs has been the Steel Wheels retail network as an important Customer Interface touch point. This year, Steel Wheels played a significant role creating awareness on tubeless tyres usage. Over hundred outlets across the country cater thousands of customers with value added services including wheel alignment, wheel balancing and automated tyre modifier apart from providing ready guide on tyre care in a pleasant ambience.ORIGNAL EQUIPMENT MANUFACURERS(OEMS)India is fast emerging as a global automotive hub. The Automotive industry is maturing and New Models being introduced at a rapid pace is a challenge for the tyre industry. It is our privilege to be a major business partner to highly prestigious OEM manufacturers with increased share of Business both in Commercial as well as Passenger categories.It may be recalled that JK Tyre product development group was entrusted with the task of developing tyres for Maruti Udyogs New Generation Global Car. It is heartening that during the year, JK Tyre was listed as a single source vendor for Maruti Swift Car, Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. selected your Company for supplying specially developed ELANZO tyres for their luxury Scorpio vehicle.OFF THE ROAD TYRE(OTR)Your Company has put renewed thrust on development of OTR Tyre business. Both production and sales increased by various folds in the last four years with JK Tyre OTRs attaining improved market share.Continued thrust on development of new sizes of products has helped the company to emerge as the best in class in the domestic replacement market. motor SPORTSJK Tyre has been successful in promoting motor sports in India during the last more than 10 years and has being pursuing the task of nurturing talented drivers to achieve greater heights for their recognition at various platforms in domestic racing championships as well as international arena Narain Karthikeyan -JK Tyre Prodigy became the first ever Indian Formula- 1 belt along Driver. Karun Chandhok and Armaan Ebrahim became A-l drivers with Armaan becoming a success in Formula BMW Asia. The Company organized 5th depicted object Karting Championship and Racing Championship during the year. The Company also participated in Dubai Endurance Test and now re-entered National Rallying with great elan and success.GLOBAL PRESENCEBeing the largest tyre exporter, your Company accounted for over 30% of total tyre export from India during the year, with export turnover of Rs. 383 crores. It was made possible mainly by the continued thrust on strengthening international network and building JK Tyre brand in the overseas markets. Your Company continues to operate through an extensive distribution network pass on across 60 countries over 6 continents.The company is enhancing outsourcing activities from China for international and for Chinese markets in its own brands. It is a matter of pride that JK Tyre and Vikrant Tyre brands are rated amongst premium brands in high ly quality conscious global bias tyre markets.TECHNOLOGYBeing a pioneer of Radial Technology in India, Company continues its zeal to maintain Technology Leadership. It has established many firsts in the areas of Technology in the past and has further accelerated this pace through extensive in-house Research and Development activity as well as through adoption of latest technology from its collaborator, Continental AG, Germany -the 4th largest Tyre Company in the world.The fact that SWIFT -a new world class model of Suzuki has only JK Tyre as its 100% supplier, is yet another endorsement of Companys leadership in Technology. JK Tyre is the first Indian Company to commercialize V rated (speed rating of 240 kms/hour) Passenger Radial tyres.HASETRI (Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer Tyre Research Institute),. an independent institute dedicated to Elastomer and Tyre research, promoted by your company is driving companys Technological advancement. HASETRI is a Scientific and Industrial R esearch Organization (SIRO) and besides up- grading the facilities, infrastructure and manpower capabilities, is works jointly with Technology team of the Company to come out with new and advanced products. Towards this endeavour, HASETRI is not only benchmarking technological capabilities, but also collaborating with various National and International academic institutes. The Company has also established a Centre of Excellence for Tyre and Vehicle Mechanics in IIT, Chennai for latest computational system, which is the first such Centre in this field for tyre vehicle dynamics technology. This idea has been well appreciated by Automotive companies as it aims to develop master products for Indian Automobiles.With this strength and Technology Leadership initiatives, customers

The Major Security Issues In Malaysia Criminology Essay

The Major Security Issues In Malaysia Criminology EssayThe concept of national protective c all overing involves the preparations against threats to a countrys national independence, territorial integrity and national sovereignty emanating from indispensable or external forces or a combination of the two. The goal of national warrantor is to protect the core values of the state ideology, sovereignty, territory, government governance and citizens. Buzan et al (1998) suggests that security is effected by factors in five major sectors military, governmental, economic, societal and environmental.3Since the beginning of World War Two (WWII) there accommodate been more signifi nett events across these five major sectors, which have shaped Malaysias national security. The most significant of these events include the Nipponese occupation during WWII, the communist threat during the rimed War, the Confrontation with Indonesia, the 13 May 1969 race riots and the 9/11 terrorists attac ks. There are also many non-traditional threats, both internal and external across tout ensemble sectors that continue to shape Malaysias ascend to national security today.The aim of this paper is to outline and critically evaluate the major security issues that have changed the outlook on, and undertake to national security in Malaysia.This essay will discuss major security issues that have shaped Malaysias approach to national security since the beginning of WWII.The Japanese influence on Malaya up to WWII had been positive in terms of invigorating Malay Nationalism and brought on the idea that Asian could challenge western powers.4However, the Japanese occupation during WWII created a lasting memory for Malaysias future elite in that it shaped their thoughts regarding the need for self-reliance in terms of security and defence.5Under British rule after the War, and on the eve of an evolving nationalist movement for independence, Malaya was challenged by a serious internal secu rity threat communist terrorists.The First and chip Malayan Emergencies and the threat of communism are significant security events in the evolution of Malaysias national security. The success of the counterinsurgency (COIN) made it an example for COIN trading operations around the world.6Through KESBAN and RASCOM7Malaysia had established a whole of Government approach to internal security issues, primarily focused on communist terrorists, however Malaysia was placid dependent on external support against external formal threats through the Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement (AMDA) and later the Five Powers Defence Arrangement (FPDA).8Malaysias focus on COIN operations through the Malayan Emergencies made it vulnerable to external established threats. Although the Confrontation with Indonesia in the 1960s and the fall of Saigon following the Vietnam War failed to bear on into full-scale war for Malaysia these events had two significant impacts on Malaysias outlook, and approach to national security. Firstly, as Malaysia was still reliant on the British to deal with external conventional threats through the AMDA and from 1971 the FPDA, they needed to assure national security by pursuing regional security through diplomatic means until its Defence Forces were sufficiently maturate to deal with conventional threats. Malaysia was a key driver in establishing ASEAN and ZOPFAN as well as normalising ties with China and Vietnam.9Secondly, the events spurred military expansion toward developing a conventional war fighting capability.10It is difficult to determine if Malaysias continued military expansion and modernisation is the result of an Asian arms race as Soong asserts11or bonnie the need to develop one of the smallest Defence Forces in the region12to one that is suitably self-reliant in accordance with the desires of the National Defence Policy.13Nevertheless, the development and charge of a credible conventional war fighting capability does little when the threat to security is from within as Malaysia was sadly to learn on 13 May 1969.The 13 May 1969 race riots are said to be one of the darkest moments in Malaysian history.14The reasons for the riots are many and varied but can be summarised as racial indifference regarding national language, Malay special rights, citizenship rights, and education policy. In essence, the tensions between the Malays and Chinese grew out of the perceived or factual threat posed to each races existence either through a lack of policy or policy itself. In terms of national security, racial tensions had been bubbling away in the background of other more conventional threats such as Communism and the Confrontation with Indonesia.15Regardless of the causes of the riots this watershed moment, Malaysian political life was refashioned, the whole notion of internal security took on another dimension,16based on race relations. Racial tensions have continued to challenge Malaysias approach to internal security w ith the 1998 Islamic-Hindu conflict in Kumpang Rawa, Penang the 2001 Taman Medan Incident the run-ins with HINDRAF and more recently the protests in Kuala Lumpur on 27 February 2011 regarding disparaging remarks against Malay Indians in the school textual matter book and novel Interlok.17In sum, there were 1060 racial incidents in 2010 involving Malays, Chinese and Indians that continue to threaten Malaysias political stability and social harmony.18In so such(prenominal) as the 13 May 1969 was a wakeup call to significant internal security issues that threaten political stability and social harmony the fix appears to be more oriented on policing rather than policy.19Hence, a ticking time bomb remains so long as the lid of policing on the boil pot of racial inequity has a political20flame that remains unattended.The 11 September 2001 attacks not only changed Malaysias outlook on, and approach to national security but that of the West and much of the developing world.21The threat to Malaysia from this event and later the Bali bombings in 2002 and 2005, the capital of Indonesia JW Marriot bombing in 2003 and the 2004 Australian Embassy bombing in Jakarta was two fold. First was the fact that Malaysia, like any other country, could be a target of violent non-state actors (VNSA).22Secondly, and more alarming was that Malaysia was a predominantly Muslim state and could be linked to radical Islamic groups such as Kumpulan Militan Malaysia (KMM) and Jemaah Islamiah (JI) and their alleged connection with Al-Qaeda. Such allegations and proof of links could erode investor confidence in Malaysia and be economically and politically devastating.23These fears were later realised when it was discovered that two of the masterminds behind the Indonesian bombings were Malaysians.24Malaysias response was to establish the Southeast Asia Regional Centre for tax return Terrorism (SEARCCT) in July 2003.25Today there are a number of security issues that continue to shape Malaysi as approach to national security. The complex overlapping claims over the resource rich Spratly Islands (and the claim to Sabah by the Philippines) has seen the Malaysian Armed Forces commit significant air, sea and troop assets in the region to defend and protect its claims, oddly on the Ardasier, Mariveles and Swallow Reefs.26Further civil (through the Maritime Enforcement Agency (MEA) and Naval sea and air assets remain committed to patrolling and enforcing Malaysias sea lines of communication and its Economic ejection Zones (EEZ) from piracy and illegal fishing. Stretching these security assets further are issues such as organised crime, illegal immigrants, smuggling, and sea pollution. Malaysias Navy, Airforce and MEA continue to receive brawny proportions of the Defence and Security budgets to modernise and expand to deal with these threats.27Other non-traditional and non-military threats continue increasing and thus shape Malaysias approach to security. These include smugg ling goods and services, illegal immigration, drug trafficking, communicable diseases, deviant and cult groups, extremism, refugees, ethnic conflicts, environment disasters, cyber crime and several other illegal activities that can be categorised as organised crime. These threats have seen Malaysias approach to security focus more toward non-military threats in recent years.28If there is a lesson to be relearned from the past for Malaysia regarding an approach to national security it is the need for a holistic approach as was evident with the implementation of KESBAN in response to the Second Malayan Emergency. Malaysias defence management has a clear chain of direction from the National Security Council (NSC) through to the lowest rungs of the Armed Forces and Police Force.29Security management is botheratic, however. Eight ministries/agencies and 12 departments are responsible for the security of Malaysia.30Thus creates the problem where interagency barriers hinder the timely a pplication of force against a threat from a particular threat sector based on the untimely dissemination of watchword31and generally poor coordination.32Although, there is a significant level of cooperation between individual agencies responsible for national security it is only achieved at an interagency level rather than through the chain of command33.ConclusionThere have been several major security issues that have shaped the outlook and approach to security in Malaysia since WWII. The Japanese invasion shaped thought and provided the desire for self-reliance, the Malayan Emergencies shaped and drove a whole of Government approach to national security, the Confrontation and the US withdrawal from Vietnam drove Military expansion for security and defence toward countering external conventional threats and the bloody 13 May 1969 shaped Malaysias approach back toward internal security issues. More recently, the 9/11 attacks and myriad other non-conventional and non-military threats continue to challenge and shape Malaysias approach to national security. Of note are the internal threats to security where the approach appears to be policing over policy. The author believes that unless positive and clear progress is made in these areas that racial tensions will again boil to the surface.

Factors influencing entrepreneurial intention

Factors influencing entrepreneurial spiritPurpose- the purpose of this research is to investigate what the causes influenced among students in Universiti Teknologi Mara in Shah Alam branch in entrepreneurial pattern and to make an evaluation for their entrepreneurship orientation by comparing them with non-entrepreneurially inclined students. design/methodology/approach-Findings- the result of this test showed thatResearch limitations/implications- the carry comprises respondent ccc of students at all course fields in Universiti Teknologi Mara in Shah Alam branch and the percentage of students in the sample who wish to be entrepreneurs isPractical implications This learning provides insight into entrepreneurship education, as to which entrepreneurial characteristics can be developed to raise well-be fixd entrepreneurs.Originality/value This cogitation contributes to understanding the differences between characteristics of entrepreneurially inclined and non-inclined students at the progress of graduation.Nowadays entrepreneurship has captured their attention among masses especially teenagers in all over the world. The main reason of this concern is the growing convey for entrepreneurs who accelerate economic growth through generating new ideas and converting them into money-making ventures. However, it has a more critical role for economies of developing countries since entrepreneurship is seen as an engine of economic progress, job creation and social adjustment. Thus, small course growth or new product line formation is widely advertized by national economic policies to stimulate economic growth and wealth creation. In parallel with developing interest in entrepreneurship throughout the world, Malaysia has similarly witnessed an increasing interest in entrepreneurship fields both among their academic scholars and amongst government policy makers and business leaders. Obviously, understanding recognitions of students at higher education level i s a necessary step in this process. The purpose of the current airfield is to analyze the entrepreneurial intention of university students in Universiti Teknologi Mara Shah Alam .Scope of studyThe scope in this study is the students in Universiti Teknologi Mara Shah Alam. It comprises all the students in all field of study. The respondent voluminous 300 students and this amount is using for sample survey in this study.Problem statementThe interest making money among the teenagers nowadays make intention in entrepreneurship is getting higher. But take over a few of them run through a desire to open the business but because of lack of entrepreneur sockledge.Research preyObjective in doing this research is to identifyThe circumstanceor that influenced student in university to do the business before they done their study.The opinion from the students that already have their make business.How they balance their study and business at the same time.Those who have business experience s in their backgroundResearch questionsWhat the instruments that influenced university student to do the business?Who you prefer to embrace money to open the business?Significance of studyThe meaning(a) of this study is to analyze the entrepreneurial intention of university students. In this study, a feign that mainly focuses on the impacts of some contextual factors was proposed and empirically tested on university students. Furthermore, the study contributes to the books by theorizing and empirically testing how some factors affect entrepreneurial intention of university students. It is believed that the results of study may have some significant implications for the policy makers and educators.INTRODUCTIONEntrepreneurship has captured the attention of both scholars and policy makers duringthe last decades. The main reason of this concern is the growing need for entrepreneurs who accelerate economic development through generating new ideas and converting them into profitable ventures. Entrepreneurial activities are not only the incubators of technological innovation they provide employment fortune and increase competitiveness to a fault (Reynolds, 1987 Zahra, 1999). Some scholars primarily focus on the effect of soulality characteristics on decision making process (Bonnett and Furnham, 1991 Brockhaus, 1980 Johnson,1990). Although the results vary crossways the studies, they often indicate a link between entrepreneurial intention and some personality factors, such as self-confidence, risk-taking ability, need to achievement, and locus of control. However, a person is surrounded by an extended range of cultural, social, economical, policy-making, demographical, and technological factors. Therefore, personality traits cannot be isolated from these contextual factors. In the literature, there are some studies that take into study the role of these factors in addition. For instance, according to Hisrich (1990), concourse can be pushed or pulled by t he situational factors, which are related with their personal backgrounds and present lives. From a broader point of view, the cultural and institutional frameworks also affect entrepreneurship (Wennekers and Thurik, 1999). The review of literature on entrepreneurship shows that most of the scholars have focused on adult entrepreneurs. In these studies, adult entrepreneurs were examined after choosing their entrepreneurial gos. Since mickle are likely to start a business within the age range of 25 to 44 (Liles, 1974), it is also critical to focus on people who are younger than 25 and understand which factors affect their intentions to start-up abusiness in the future. As Henderson and Robertson (2000) also stated . . . the future working environment allow depend on the creativity and individuality of the young. However, indeed relatively little is known about young adult views on entrepreneurship (p.279). The purpose of the current study is to analyse the entrepreneurial intenti on of university students. In the study, a model that mainly focuses on the impacts of some contextual factors was proposed and empirically tested on university students. Therefore, the study contributes to the literature by theorizing and empirically testing how some factors affect entrepreneurial intention of university students. It is believed that the results of study may have some significant implications for the policy makers and educators. shiftingSDependent variable quantity Entrepreneur intentions among students.Independent variables Educational fend for, geomorphologic support and relational supportEducational supportThe first dimension of model is educational support. It is obvious that master key education in universities is an efficient way of obtaining necessary friendship about entrepreneurship. Although, in their study, Wang and Wong (2004, p. 170) mainly focused on personality characteristics of students, they also pointed out the fact that the entrepreneurial d reams of galore(postnominal) students are hindered by inadequate preparation . . .their business knowledge is insufficient, and more importantly, they are not prepared to take risk to benefit their dreams.. In the literature, some studies analyse how these entrepreneurial interests of universities affect entrepreneurial inclination of students. The study of Gorman and Hanlon (1997) showed that entrepreneurial attributes can be positively influenced by educational programmes. It is shit that an effective education on entrepreneurship can be a factor to push people towards an entrepreneurial career (Henderson and Robertson, 2000).Structural supportThe second factor in the model is structural support which are we are social, cultural, economical, political and technological factors. The current context of entrepreneurship is mainly shaped by economical and political mechanisms, which are governed by the actors in the public, private, and non-governmental sectors. In such a system, t here can be some opportunities or threats for entrepreneurs. For instance, if there are some barriers to first appearance into the market, people capacity show a lower tendency for entrepreneurship. However, if they find the given conditions adequate and favourable, it might be expected that they are more likely to start a business.Relational supportThe study of Henderson and Robertson (2000) showed that family was the second factor influencing career choice of respondents after their personal experience. Therefore, the support of family and friends is likely to affect ones career selection. In the current study, this relational support mainly indicates the sentimental and monetary supports of family and friends. If soul knows that there get out be such type of support when s/he starts a business, she or he might be encouraged to choose an entrepreneurial career.Moderating variableSelf ConfidenceThe model also considers the impact of one personality trait, self-confidence, as m oderator variable. However, the level of self-confidence that is generally defined as believing in oneselfmay influence ones perception as well. authority is widely accepted as a expensive individual asset and a key to personal success. In their study, Benabou and Tirole(2002) explained why an optimistic self-view is seen as a good thing. According to them, self-confidence is valuable because it makes people happier, it makes it easier to convince others (rightly or wrongly) and improves the individuals motivation to undertake projects and persevere in the pursuit of his goals (p.877). Based on this conceptualization, it might be expected that more self-confident people may perceive their environment more favourably than others and have more optimistic perspective about their future. Therefore, if a person has a high level of self-confidence, the strength of the proposed link between educational support, structural support, relational support and entrepreneurial intention may also increase.THEORITICAL FRAMEWORKSelf-ConfidenceEntrepreneur InterestStructural SupportRelational SupportEducational SupportINDEPENDENT VARIABLES MODERATING DEPENDENT VARIABLEVARIABLETABLE 1.1 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORKRELATIONSHIPHypothesis 1 Entrepreneurial intention of university students positively relates with comprehend educational support.Hypothesis 2 Entrepreneurial intention relates with perceived structural support.Hypothesis 3 The entrepreneurial intention positively relates to perceived relational support.Moderating hypothesis 1) The strength of the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and perceived educational support is abnormal by the level of self-confidence.2)The strength of the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and perceived structural support is affected by the level of self-confidence.3) The strength of the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and perceived relational support is affected by the level of self-confidence.3.1 Research Desi gn3.1.1 Purpose of studyFostering entrepreneurship needs a twofold policy that should focus on both the currentsituation and future prospect of entrepreneurship. Although many scholars and policy makers devote their attention to the first foci of issue, it is equally important to map out the future context of entrepreneurship. The purpose of this paper is to fill this void by analyzing the impacts of some contextual factors on entrepreneurial intention of university students.3.1.2 Type of investigationThe type if investigation for this research is correlation study. This is because the researchers want to identify the important of the factors or variables associated with the problem. It is to determine whether relational support, structured support and educational support and the intention to constrain an entrepreneur among student is correlated. The researchers also want to know what are the significant amount of the independent variables in the intention to become an entrepreneur among student. If they are significant between these two variables, which among these three variables examined is the one that has the greatest association with it, which is the bordering and which is the third? It is to see if there is any relationship exist among the variables investigated. The answer to this correlational study will help to determine the extent of the intention to become an entrepreneur or to start a business among UiTM students are influenced by the relational support, structured support and educational support.3.1.3 Extend of researcher interference with the study.We have study the intention among students towards entrepreneur. In other words, we want to do a correlational study. Here, we will collect data among UiTM students to indicate how much factors of relational, educational and structural influence them to have intention to be an entrepreneur or start the business. By correlating three variables the answer being sought can be found. In this case, beyon d administering a questionnaire to the student, we have not interfered with the students normal activities. In other words, our interference has been at minimal because the variables are beyond our control. It is depends on each of respondents background.3.1.4 body of work place settingThe study setting of our research is field study. We want to analyze the relationship between the relational, structural and educational support with the intention to become an entrepreneur. We examine to correlate between dependent and independent variables by looking at whether the respondents have high level of education, received full support from family members and also the economic situation as the intention to be an entrepreneur increase. Therefore this is a field study. Research here is done in a non contrived setting with no interference with the five independent variables.3.1.5 Unit of analysisIn this study, we want to know factors that influence intention among customers of Bank Islam. Fo r this purpose, data will have to be serene from the sample which is 150 students and the units of analysis are individual.3.1.6 Time frameThe time frame for our research is one-shot or cross-sectional studies. Date was collected from to students between September and October to study the factors that influence intention among UiTM students to participate in entrepreneurship. This is because we only need to gather our data just once that is over a period of weeks, in order to answer the research question. Data with respect to this research had not been collected before, nor will they be collected again for this research.3.2 sampling design/caseIn our research, the sampling design that be used is non probability sampling which is convenience sampling. Convenience sampling refers to the collection of information from members of the universe of discourse who are conveniently available to provide it. We used these types of sampling design because it is the best way of getting basic i nformation quickly and efficiently and it is also less expensive. In addition, these types of sampling are the most easily accessible to our respondents as subject. These types of sampling are most often used during the exploratory grade of a research project. We do not have the knowledge or predetermine chance of respondents being selected as subject. In thousands of UiTM students, we do not know who the 300 respondents are.3.3 Data Collection Method3.2.1 Primary dataPrimary data refer to information obtained first-hand by the researcher on the variables of interest for the specific purpose of the study. In this research the sources from our primary data is our respondents where we obtained the data through the administered questionnaire.3.2.2 Secondary DataSecondary data refer to information gathered from sources that already exist. Our secondary source of data is through the analysis of industry offered by the media in the internet which is in form of journal. This information gathered by someone other than the researcher. The advantages of seeking secondary data sources is savings time and costs of acquiring the information.5.00 Conclusion and Recommendation5.1 ConclusionThe results of survey revealed that only two subsets of proposed model were significant predictors of entrepreneurial intention. The first factor is educational support that indicates mainly a supportive university environment. According to the results, if a university provides adequate knowledge and inspiration for entrepreneurship, the gap of choosing an entrepreneurial career might increase among young people. It is obvious that this result confirms the key role of education in the development of entrepreneurial intention. Therefore, in the frolicsome of the current study, it might be stated that entrepreneurship can be fostered as a result of a learning process. This result is not only interest from the theoretical point of view, but it is also a challenge for the educators and pol icy-makers. Since entrepreneurial activities are becoming vital to the economic development of a country, both of these groups might focus on the design of more effective educational policies. Although there is no consensus on the content and structure of entrepreneurship education, the findings of current study showed that universities should, at least, encourage the development of creative ideas for being an entrepreneur, provide the necessary knowledge about entrepreneurship, and develop the entrepreneurial skills. However, the strength of the link between educational support and entrepreneurial intention was not affected by the level of self-confidence. Second factor, which also emerged significant in the survey, is structural support. It is obvious that fostering entrepreneurship requires a more spatiotemporal support including the collaboration of all sectors in the society. Despite its weak explanatory power, the analysis also showed that this type of structural support migh t affect entrepreneurial intention of university students. One of the interesting results in the study is the impact of moderating variable on the proposed link between perceived structural support and entrepreneurial intention. The hypothesis test confirmed that self-confident respondents perceive structural support more favorable than others. In this case, the level of self- confidence might affect ones perception on external environment. Although the structural conditions are similar for everyone living in the same context, the perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors might vary. Therefore, the structural support for entrepreneurship is very significant to stimulate people to be an entrepreneur. Another interesting result of survey appears when comparing the explanatory powers of educational and structural supports the former has slightly higher beta coefficient than the latter. In this case, educational support was perceived more important than structural support. The realistic re ason for this result might be the timing differences between these two support factors. It is go through that the main focus of structural support is existing entrepreneurs in the economy. Although students are currently aware of this support, they might think that this type of large scale supports will affect them in the future. On the other hand, educational support might be perceived as an immediate factor. Therefore, it is logical that the impact of educational support was higher than structural support.5.2 Limitation of studyThe current study is subject to some limitations. Firstly, similar to the previous studies in the literature, the study focuses on the intentionality. It is clear that intentions may not turn into actual behaviors in the future. Therefore, even if one respondent stated a high entrepreneurial intention in the survey, s/he might choose a completely distinguishable career path in the future. In fact, it has been a common problem for almost all study in the l iterature and currently there is no other accurate way to measure the tendency for entrepreneurship. Therefore, the statements of respondents about their entrepreneurial intention were taken as a reliable source of information. However, it might be more useful to measure this variable through multiple items in order to reduce bar error in the further studies.Since the collected data was based on the perceptions of the students, a second limitation might appear on a possible difference between perceptions and reality.Obviously, there is always a risk that the perceptions of students on outside world might be different than the reality. The studies that aim to show such realities may indicate that, for instance, the universities are successful to stimulate entrepreneurship or financial system are supporting entrepreneurs sufficiently etc. These types of studies are highly valuable to take a picture of entrepreneurial environment. However, it is equally important to analyse how these given conditions are perceived by entrepreneurs or potential entrepreneurs even if they have limited knowledge of outside world. The current study aims to understand the perceptions of students on the context.Another limitation is that some factors in the model were slackly defined and so broadly measured in the survey. For instance, educational support factor were measured through three broad statements, which assess the education support for stimulating creative ideas, providing knowledge about entrepreneurship, and developing entrepreneurial skills and abilities. The main reason of such broadness is to increase the generalizability of the model and make it available for the use of new studies in different contexts. When considering the variety of entrepreneurship education in all around the world, it might be more reasonable to analyse the general nature of entrepreneurship education, rather than focusing on a specific context. As it is mentioned previously, there is a great va riety among universities on the entrepreneurial education even in the same country (Gu rol and Atsan, 2006, p. 27).

Expression of Self-worth in Homer’s Iliad Essay -- Iliad essays

Expression of Self-worth in Homers Iliad The story of the Trojan War as played out in the Iliad is perhaps most engrossing for the focus on the role of the individualistic the soul is struck by the very concept of a decade-long war and a city-state razed to the ground for wizard mans crime and superstar womans beauty. As such, the dynamic between Helen, Paris, and the Trojan people they have doomed is a absorbing one. For while Prince Paris is hated by all of Troy, his right to keep Helen is challenged by none. This is seen mostly clearly in Book III, after Paris has been enlivened away to safety by the goddess Aphrodite the book ends with Trojans and Greeks alike united in scorn for Paris and his consort. In Book VII, however, at the war council of the Trojans, when a insubordinate Paris refuses to yield his prize, no man questions his right to do so. This puzzling contrast, between the anger of the many against the crimes of the one and the rights of the one against the wi ll of the many, presents insight into come across themes of Homers epic. The passages in Books III and VII highlight the unique way in which the Iliad focuses on property rights as perhaps the highest expression of individual self-worth, the violation of which demands complete redress. Book III paints Paris at his lowest a posturing coward contemptible in his weakness. When he seems in danger of losing a duel against his rival Meneleusa duel that promises to end the war without further bloodshedParis is snatched up by his protector Aphrodite and promptly forgets all approximately the two armies camped at the walls. The reader is thus united with both armies in scorn for the prince when Homer describes Paris and Helen losing themselves in lust while the fragile treaty strai... ... domain of his property that they are willing to die to uphold it, even for a prince they despise. In the relationship between Paris and the Trojan people with deference to his ownership of Helen, Homer demonstrates the subtleties of a culture that celebrated the heroism of the individual while simultaneously acknowledging the power of the fates in human affairs. To strenuously fight for ones rights in the face of opposition is to court disaster, as Agamemnon, Achilles, and Paris all discover, and yet in doing so, one is able to rise above the litter of lesser men and become a truly heroic individual. It is a remarkable irony of Homeric Greece that the path to immortality often began with an obsession over the seemingly petty matters of material ownership and property.Works Cited1. Homer, Iliad, trans. Robert Fagles (New York Penguin Books, 1990).